The Economy Of The Norse Peoples - 1483 Words

The economy of the Norse peoples settled in Iceland evolved primarily around husbandry of cattle, pigs, and goats. Livestock provided an array of foodstuffs and wool, which was used to make cloth, while agriculture was geared more towards pastoral care and dairy farming than the cultivation of cereal grains due to the cold climates and poor soil. Their grains consisted mainly of oats and barley, which could be grown during the short growing season. Chieftains and wealthy individuals also relied upon seafaring trade for valued luxury goods from continental Europe. Economics were deeply intertwined with social practices of the time. Kin groups functioned as economic units. Members of the community often relied upon one another. The Haensa-Thorir’s Saga is an example of close knit socioeconomic community struggling to preserve the health of their pastorally based economy upon the backdrop of a poor harvest as a result of famine. The Nordic people established extensive trade networks that transverse Europe and lined the Scandinavian coast. Near the beginning of the story, Ørn, a Norwegian merchant, docked his vessel in the Borgarfjord harbor with the intent to sell his goods. The local chieftain, Odd, visited the merchants and declared that â€Å" he always set the prices on goods that were sold there,† to which Ørn replied â€Å"We’ll deal with our goods as we see fit, whatever you say, because this cargo belongs to us and not to you.† Ørn challenges the political power of theShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Collapse of the Greenland Norse760 Words   |  4 Pagesattempt to explain the Collapse of the Greenland Norse, one of the many societies to rise and fall. The Greenland Norse faced multiple challenges including economical, agricultural, and unfriendly neighbors. Alongside Greenland other North Atlantic islands faced geographical challenges that lead to some of their falls a s well. Yet, first I will discuss why the Norse left Scandinavia in search of new terrain. Similarly to other expansions the Norse, also known as Vikings, expansion was most likelyRead MoreThe Impact Of Viking Raids On The British Isles1622 Words   |  7 Pagespredominantly Denmark and Norway, the Vikings began raiding the British Isles in the late 700s (James). The Vikings primarily targeted monasteries, because that is where most of the wealth was concentrated (Loughrey). These raids were very violent, people were killed, and the survivors were sold into slavery (Loughrey). These violent raids earned the Vikings the reputation of barbarians, much like the Mongols a few centuries later in Asia. After some time, once the Vikings exhausted most of the wealthRead MoreChristopher Columbus And The American Revolution Essay1239 Words   |  5 PagesChristopher Columbus. The history prior to the American Revolution is quite an excellent topic for it gives the people more insight what America was like prior to the British ruling. It is also crucial to understand what society was like at the time of Pre-America. There is much depth in this part of American history to be understood. Then came during the time of America’s early economy where they had the issue of taxation without representation, meaning that due to the fact the colonies were a tinyRead MoreThe Origins Of The Viking2866 Words   |  12 Pageseconomically and culturally. The established Norse trade network included trading relationships throughout the world, from Charlemagne’s Europe to Asian territories and the Abbasids, evidenced by items such as coins from North Africa, and Scandinavian brooches from sites of the Ural Mountains. The basic economy of Scandinavia was agricultural and the short growing season sufficed to meet the demand for grain, cattle and stock grazing. Because the people of this world mostly lived along the coastsRead MoreThe Viking Society and Culture2981 Words   |  12 Pages â€Å"We and our fathers have now lived in this fair land for nearly three hundred and fifty years and never before has such a terror been seen in Britain as we have now suffered at the hands of a pagan people. Such a voyage was not thought possible. The church of St. Cuthbert is spattered with the blood of the priests of God.† These are the words of Alcuin of York, an Anglo-Saxon scholar, describing the first recorded presence of Norsemen warriors and their attack on Lindisfarne, a holy monasticRead MoreGun, Germs, And Steel By Jared Diamond1585 Words   |  7 Pageselsewhere in the world†¦in Montana are problems of toxic wastes, forests, soils, water, climate change, biodiversity loss, and pests .† He shows how these factors impede agricultural growth and economic success. Montana once an agriculturally flourishing economy is now held back by lower market prices and poor environmental situation. Adding to this, Diamond shows that the young population of Bitterro ot and Montana as a whole are immigrating to larger cities for better economic opportunities; leaving Montana’sRead MoreHistory of the English Language1655 Words   |  7 Pages Old English (5th century) The Celtic settlement of Britain (8th - 6th century B.C.) [71 words] Once upon a time, there were people named the Celts who roamed the lands of Europe. They conquered and explored most of it, before finally deciding one day to settle in one precise part of it; Britain. During these times, it was not uncommon for them to trade as well as to fightRead More Middle Ages Essay712 Words   |  3 Pagesdefend holistically it’s country during Norse and foreign invasions in the 700’s to 1000’s AD. The emphasis shifted instead to local lords and nobles who drew the king’s power for greater local stability. This system flourished under an influenced and uneducated nation, however, the rise of the middle and working classes put a change to that. Skilled merchants began to form guilds, universities and learning groups educated citizens, and a strengthening economy led the middle classes to object to feudalRead MoreConsumer Culture Film Analysis - Wall E Essay1131 Words   |  5 Pagesis easier and easier each day. Consumer culture today is thriving – but not necessarily in a good way. As consumer culture thrives, we have desires for products and services. Consumer spending is a major part of a country’s/world’s economy and that makes the economy strong but the aftermath is an unsustainable lifestyle. Although, Wall-E didn’t indicate exactly what caused consumers to destroy the planet and then flee for the sake of human survival, there are many guesses that can be made as toRead MoreComparing and Contrasting Ancient Greek Drinking Vessels and the Present Day Starbucks Cup1053 Words   |  5 PagesThere are a handful of differences and similarities from an Ancient Greek drinking vessel and a Starbucks cup some people may not take into consideration. While comparing and contrasting a Starbucks coffee cup and Ancient Greek drinking vessels I will take careful notation into the differences and similarities of their form, function and decoration of the artifacts. I will go into careful detail of what the ancient Greeks used to create their drinking vessels. Also, I will elaborate the functions

Ethical Issues in the Work Place Free Essays

Latoya J Week 2 1/18/2012 Discussion 1 Analyze your current work (or School) environment through the lens of the content in Chapter 2 and determine the most significant ethical issue and its impact on overall productivity and moral. Explain your rationale. ? Although I have only been working at Saint Joseph’s University as temporary administrative assistant for a few short months, I have noticed one major discrepancy involving the registrars department of the university. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethical Issues in the Work Place or any similar topic only for you Order Now The most significant ethical issue suffered by this particular department involves Lawrence Kohlberg’s social contract stage within the stages of moral development. Kohlberg states that in the social contract stage although employees understand that there are rules and regulations they must follow in the work place, sometimes employees will break those rules to satisfy ones’ own wants and needs. (Hellriegel, Slocum, 2010) In Saint Joseph’s University’s registrar’s office I constantly see employees take off days just to get rest knowing there is a lot of work to be done. This current week in particular one of the receptionist took the week off to have a week relaxation in their hometown. Unfortunately, this individual choose the most important week of the semester, the first week of a new semester. During this week students are not only visiting the registrar’s office with questions regarding things like classroom locations, teacher confirmations, registration errors and alterations, transcript requests, and graduation applications, they are also contacting us via telephone. Since there are only two receptionist her and myself, I was left to manage a lot of the traffic on my own. There is one other front office employee that orks in the registrar’s office who is not an assistant registrar so she was there to lend a helping hand at times, but she too has her own work to finish. Due to the absence of the other receptionist, the office was behind on completely transcripts in a timely manner that we received online through the National Clearinghouse. On Wednesday, January 18, 2012 we had a total of 40 missed calls accompanied by voicemails because the other phone line went unanswered during times when I was either with another student, on another call I could not put on hold, or the other front office employee was not able to answer it. This caused a bit of stress within myself and the others within the office. Students were coming in so fast I was unable to appoint them to the correct assistant registrar to help them solve some of their questions because their offices were also over loaded with students, or faculty in need of classroom assignment alterations. Although I tried my best to help everyone, those individuals who needs were not met because we were shorthanded could possibly view the office as being unorganized as whole, or unprepared. The registrar’s office need to enforce the importance of attendance at work, especially during the extremely busy times of the year. When one is slacks off on their job by being absent when their presence counts the most it makes it creates a ripple in the organization. In this particular case calls were left unanswered, students were forced to either come back to the office at a later time or leave their information in hopes of being contacted at a later time, and transcripts were not sent out as quickly as they normally are. How to cite Ethical Issues in the Work Place, Papers

Emotional Literacy free essay sample

The term emotional intelligence came into common usage following the success in the 1990s of Daniel Goleman’s book, Emotional Intelligence; why it can matter more than IQ. Goleman pointed out that ‘success’ in life depends not only on our IQ as measured by our literacy and numeracy skills but, more importantly, on how well we know our own emotional make-up, manage our emotional responses and react to the emotional responses of others. Goleman’s emotional intelligence speaks to the topical issue today; the issue of emotional literacy. Understanding emotional literacy is the key to help the young child develop self-esteem, self-control and so become socially and educationally successful. The National Early Childhood Care and Education Curriculum Guide wellness strand suggest that an environment need to be created which nurture children’s emotional well-being. It also states that children need to develop emotional competence which will help them to deal with their feelings appropriately. Emotional literacy is the ability to identify, understand, and to respond to emotions in oneself and others in a healthy manner. What it means to be emotionally literate: To be emotionally literate one has to develop a complex set of attitudes and skills. Skills can be learned and attitudes can be adopted if the environment the individual is in values and nurtures emotional literacy. Component skills that make up emotional literacy include: * Ability to reflect on one’s own emotions * Self-knowledge (understanding the reasons for one’s actions). Understanding of consequences * Self-control * Healthy self-image (feeling good about oneself, but also being able to acknowledge aspects of oneself that need developing). * Ability to empathise with others. * Understanding of the way others behave as they do. * Understanding how effective relationships are forged and sustained. * Ability to discuss feelings and emotions with others. * Recognition and acceptance of differences a nd different points of view. * Recognition of the complexity of emotions. Importance of Emotional Literacy: Being emotionally literate enables one to make wiser decisions, develops better self and social awareness, stronger interpersonal relationships, and higher academic achievements. Science has noted that brain injuries preventing individuals from processing emotional information can lead directly to antisocial behaviors and unreliable decision-making. Emotional Literacy can act as a preventive tool to treat children against the serious danger they face in today’s society, such as, gang and drug issues etc. It can also be a step towards turning an anxiety-dominated society into one of hope and salvation. Other Reasons of the Importance of Emotional Literacy include: * Emotional development in young children is important for their attainment as well as their well-being and success in all areas of development. * Targeting social and emotional development in young children are more likely to cause them to settle into their early years setting, * To grow to develop confidence and become cooperative * To learn to behave appropriately in varied situations. To strengthen healthy and balanced relationships. * To tolerate frustration better. * To be a healthy human being who is less lonely, less impulsive, more focused, and have greater academic achievement. Emotional Literacy contributes to setting the scene for Positive Behaviour in the Early Years Over the years we have seen a great deal of emphasis being placed on the cognitive and physical aspects of childhood development. Within recent tim es, more attention has been focused on the emotional developmental cycles of children. The impact of a child’s relative emotional maturity or immaturity on their behaviour, performance and personal happiness is finally being recognised. Furthermore, the issue of lacking emotional health in young children has been acknowledged as part of childhood behavioural problems. Emotional literacy can be thought of as a set of skills that help learners to be successful in school, at work and in relationships. As a consequence of this, they are more likely to have robust self-esteem and be better placed to cope with disappointments and setbacks, which affect or influence behaviour. Of late, those who have championed what might be termed the ‘self-esteem movement’ in schools regard emotional literacy as being closely connected to the building of self-esteem. Elizabeth Morris (2002) argues that it is hard to feel good about yourself if you don’t know yourself well, and if you can’t recognise and manage emotions such as anger and frustration. The more able you are to read body language and relate to other people and their emotional states, the more likely you are to be popular. Morris and other academics argue that this is what encourages a sense of belonging and builds self-esteem. With the increase of emotional exclusion, a worrying trend in diminishing self-esteem in young children, and increasing numbers of young children being recognised as having ‘additional learning needs’ or presenting challenging behaviour, there is a growing pressure to find solutions. An infant/toddler’s capacity to learn and grow depends to a very significant extent on their ability to manage emotional tasks. Without the ability to be aware of their emotional states and self-management skills to contain and handle these, their development will suffer. Without the ability to be aware of others, what they are feeling and to practice relationship management skills, their friendships and social support will vanish, as they become adults. There has also been a steady rise in recognition of the importance of sound self-esteem for young children. This recognition has emerged through psychological studies into behaviour disorders, learning difficulties and other disturbances to the development and maturation of infants and toddlers. This has coincided with research into human Emotional Literacy and the development of emotional literacy training programmes. Emotional Literacy is now known to play a very significant part in achieving goals set, as well as being the foundation for personal satisfaction. To become effective learners, children in their early years, need to develop a strong sense of self-worth and confidence in their abilities. As they become older, they need to learn to take responsibility for their own learning and performance, and demonstrate persistence and resilience in the face of obstacles or setbacks, which will affect behaviour. Young children must also learn to manage their emotions and help others to do the same. It is less to do with controlling emotions and more to do with recognising  and understanding the effects of these emotional states and developing coping strategies. Infants/toddlers must also learn to understand that negative feelings can be valuable since they provide personal insights into thoughts, feelings and motivation to learn. Child-care workers must develop excellent emotional literacy programmes to support and develop children at every level of need. These will enable young children to learn the skills and abilities necessary to achieve greater emotional awareness, more emotional control and strong relationship building skills. This in turn leads to higher emotional intelligence, and usually, sound self-esteem and positive behaviour. We have come to a juncture where we have recognized that emotional literacy is key to developing self-esteem and it does contribute to setting the scene for positive behaviour in the early years. Strategies teachers can use The questions arises what exactly are the skills or content necessary for our young children to become emotionally literate? What do we teach our young children to ensure they become emotionally literate? Fostering Emotional Literacy in early years setting: Emotional literacy in early years setting starts with emotionally literate adults. Settings should have the following: * Zero tolerance towards teasing, name-calling, sarcasm and negative behaviour that staff may display. * Regular opportunities to deal with issues in a calm and supportive environment, e. g. in staff meetings. * Appropriate emotional support for each other (staff members). * Looking out for each other especially in stressful situations, e. g. allowing one member to take time out if necessary. Gordon and Browne (2008) suggest that we teach the young children to deal with their feelings. There is a four-step approach suggested by Gordon and Browne that has a developmental sequence, where the learning at one level is built upon or is dependant on the learning at the previous level. This four step developmental sequence being advocated as necessary to teach young children how to deal with feelings is as follows: 1. To notice and label feelings 2. To accept feelings 3. To express feelings in an appropriate way 4. To deal with feelings of others 1) To notice and label feelings: The first step towards emotional literacy is to be able to notice or identify the feelings and label them. According to Gordon and Browne the identification and labeling of feelings corresponds with Goleman’s â€Å"self-awareness† dimension. Leah Davies, M. Ed. also advocates that children who are taught to identify, express, and cope positively with their feelings develop useful life skills. As opposed to suppressing them as when negative emotions are suppressed, they usually resurface and cause problems Leah Davies, M. Ed. also purports. Strategies to help the child identify/notice and label feelings: Help the children gain an understanding of their feelings through the use of books, board games, puppets, interactive storytelling or role-plays. b. Teach children to identify and verbalize their feelings, (For useful tools to promote emotional literacy, revisit www. kellybear. com. ) c. Teach the vocabulary of emotions. (e. g, I am sorry). Introduce new words to extend the child’s vocabulary; for example, happy might also be excited, cheerful or smiley. * If we lack the words to express how we feel we will not be able to tell others, let alone process those feelings internally. Show acceptance of a child’s feelings and use feeling words yourself so they become a part of everyday life. 2) Accept feelings: Children very often express very strong feelings and they must be taught how to deal with these feelings without letting the feelings overwhelm them. These can be strong feelings of love or anger, sadness or confusion. It is important to help children recognize that th ese strong feelings will not stay with them all the time and also help them work through the feelings, feeling safe. Strategies to help the child accept feelings: a. Be empathetic to children in the environment b. Be observant to recognise when a child is experiencing such strong emotions so that you can help them accept the emotions to allow the child to * Express these emotions in a safe setting and work through these sad or scared moments * Recover their exposure with some empathy from others * Develop the zeal or persistence to work through future sad or scared moments 3) Express feelings in an appropriate way As purported by Gordon and Browne (2008) To be able to express feelings appropriately students must be able to: First: feel free to express their feelings. The environment must be a psychologically and emotionally safe climate so that children are not afraid or inhibited in any way in the expression of their feelings. Second: they must learn ways of expression that are suitable to their age and to the situation. Strategies to help children express their feelings in an appropriate way: a. Avoid negative statements like, Cant you do anything right? or Whats your problem? These comments discourage open communication and suggest that when a child does not behave perfectly, he or she is bad. b. Avoid moralizing (That was wrong of you! ); humiliating (I cant believe you did that. ); lecturing (You should have known better. ); denying (Youll be okay. ); pitying, (Poor you. Its all their fault. ); and rescuing, (Ill take care of it. ). Instead, listen patiently and nod your head appropriately. Remember that questions can often lead the child away from the real problem or cause the child to stop talking. c. Accept emotional responses as legitimate, even if you dont like the behavior the feelings produce. For example, when a child hits, the feeling of anger is demonstrated. Stop the child and say, Its okay to feel angry; its not okay to hurt others. Talk to me about what you are feeling. Help the child manage his emotions as Goleman suggests. d. Communicate understanding and empathy by reflecting the observed emotion. For example, say, You seem sad or You seem upset. Then, if the child confirms your reflection and begins talking, be quiet and listen. (See Helping Children Cope with Anger in Teacher Ideas, www. kellybear. com . ) e. Watch a childs facial expressions, posture, play or art work for signs that a child is experiencing a strong negative emotion. Then offer constructive ways to defuse it, such as painting, dialogue or taking a time out. f. Problem solve with the child by encouraging him or her to think of options and decide what constructive action to take. (See Ten Ways to Foster Resiliency in Children in Teacher Ideas, www. kellybear. com . ) g. Keep lines of communication open. You might say something like: Emily, I am glad you told me about your moms illness. It must be hard to have her in the hospital. Please know that I care about you and that I am here if you want to talk again. 4) Deal with feelings of others

Summary HOPE on Earth Essay Example

Summary: HOPE on Earth Essay He is an Australian trial scientist, explorer and writer who devotes his Intelligence on environmental sustainability and conservation. This book highlights Impacts of human activity to the environment. The actually already disadvantages the earth. It advocates that people do need to change their behaviors for a healthier environment. In the following paragraphs, it will present this book summary to explain how human being affects the environment with theories; it will also present the critique (strength and weakness) to this book. Book Summary Here On Earth: An Argument For Hope is an informed book to advocate environmental conservation. It presents rich history to explain a progress that species activity Impacts on environment. It provides amassing arguments that explore the relationship between human beings survival and environment. It also explains what the sustainability Is. The author expects to raise an environmental concern to people, it makes them thoughtful in dealing with environmental protection. The book begins with a series of prominent natural-scientific theories. Charles Darwin invented his influential theory species evolution in 1858 after the voyage of Beagle. The main idea in the theory states that human being has to change its habits, behaviors and characteristics, in any minute, it is to better off itself to a better condition and adapts the changing environment for survival. The theory elucidates the relationship between the survival and environment; surrounding of human being is changing over time, for the purpose of survival, it needs to change based on the dynamic environmental condition. We will write a custom essay sample on Summary: HOPE on Earth specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Summary: HOPE on Earth specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Summary: HOPE on Earth specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Richard Adkins was regarded as Darnings predecessor, It developed Its selfish-gene theory derived from Darnings contribution. Adkins theory believed species had the be ruthless selfishness to environment. The theory illustrates a serious consequence that the selfish gene leads to a situation overproduced resources for the survival. Richard Adkins theory is looked like a cruel tragedy in environmental consequence, in contrast to this idea, there is a win-win theory that is created by Alfred Russell Wallace, a British naturalist and biologist. Wallachs theory focuses on whole universe. It states that rain, air, atmosphere dust these natural elements are essential sources or conditions for living. His discovery presents that this world is not the survival of fittest (Darnings idea), rather, it is an interdependent community. Underlying this theory, the author put forward that cooperation between human being and environment is a condition to coexist. Based on these theories, it brings out an argument about species survival and environment. Made hypothesis and Gaga hypothesis represents two different explanations in this argument. In Made hypothesis, species extreme competition in survival would lead to catastrophe. Likes, human being exhausts all resources in the earth, the exhaustion can prompt the species extinction and environmental catastrophe. Gaga hypothesis explains earth has its self-regulated mechanism to change environment constantly. If human being destroys a place, earth would revenge, likes desertification. Therefore, it suggests human being should be friendly and cooperative with environment for sustainable survival. Subsequently, the author illustrates humans activities has influenced the environment. Such as utilization of nuclear energy, atomic bomb can produce substantial irradiative pollution in environment. The emerging issue Green House Gas is a representative example to illustrate how human beings activities affect the temperature change. The author appeals human being does need to change its environmental-harmful behaviors for sustainable survival. Critique Weakness One thing in this book needs to improve. The thing is about the inferences of Gaga hypothesis. One of beliefs in this hypothesis, the earth has self-regulated system that can adjust environment to species survival. Author states Green House is an example to explain that environment change can affect temperature. Therefore, author concludes human being should cooperate with earth for better survival. However, there is no credible evident to prove the self-regulated system existed; it would be skeptical, whether the self-regulated system really exists and it really affects the environment. If one of things in this hypothesis is skeptical, the reliability of analysis to prove this point, rather than depending on enormous qualitative explanation. It can strengthen the point by the relevant evident. Strength Even though there is a weaknesses, this book is very convenience, credible and arguable. It has strong theoretic foundation to analyze origin of species, evolution and environment, such as profound development of Darnings theory, Made hypothesis and Gain system. It has concrete cases to support its argument. Likes, the author set up cases to demonstrate artificial toxic substance exacerbates the environment; the BPCS (polycarbonate phenyl) is a toxin to ruin the Gain system. It also has the sound development in social reasons that affects the ecosystem. It states the overpopulation, poverty, overcompensation, great inequality between rich and poor ND so forth, these social problems are obstacles to greener and healthier environment. There is a point from a Journal also enhance the argument. It concludes two main threats to environmental sustainability are population growth and economic growth (York et al 2003). China is the largest population country in the world, and its population is still intense growth per year; it means that it supplies huge resources (such as food) to sustain people survival (York et al 2003). American economic growth causes pollution also, the car polluted emission in America every ear is terrible (York et al 2003). Conclusion In conclusion, this book delivers a rich theoretic foundation and cases to address environmental issues. It begins with Charles Darnings evolution theory to explain species survival affected by dynamic environment. Subsequently, Made and Gaga hypothesis present two different views of the species survival. Author applies the theories to cases to explain how human beings activities change the environment. Overall, this book is very convenience and arguable, audience is persuaded to really to act in protecting its only home earth.

Leadership Essay essays

Leadership Essay essays Remember the Titans Leadership Essay This is a story of leadership, loyalty, and taking a chance to achieve greatness despite outdated standards of racial equality that were still in effect in 1971 Virginia. Coach Boone is a great example of an authoritarian leader who will not accept defeat. Coach Boone maintains strict control over his players by directly regulating policy, procedures, and their behavior. Boone knows that he faces a tough year of coaching and bringing together his racially diverse squad, but he gratefully takes on the difficult challenge. Instead of listening to the discriminating town and administrators, Boone pushes his team to their physical and mental limits and forces good relationships between players regardless of their race. His vision for the team involves getting the players concerned in what the team needs to become, and not what it is supposed to be in the eyes of the T.C. Williams administrators. Boone is a convincing leader with a brutal, boot camp approach to coaching. He believes in making the players rebuild themselves as a team. In the movie Boone stated to his team You will wear a jacket, shirt, and tie. If you don't have one buy one, if you can't afford one then borrow one from your old man, if you don't have an old man then find a drunk on the street and trade him for his. This quote immediately established his authoritarian leadership style and his no-nonsense approach to football with his players. During training camp Coach Boone purposely pairs black players with white players as roommates and instructs them to learn about each other. This idea is met with a lot of initial rejection and fighting, but black linebacker Julius Campbell and stubborn white All-American Garry Bertier end up getting a strong bond through Boone's heavy discipline. His strict coaching style was responsible for helping Julius Campbell and Gary Bertier emerge togethe...

Case Report of Secondary Narcolepsy

Case Report of Secondary Narcolepsy Title of the article: â€Å" Case Report of Secondary Narcolepsy presenting as self-inflicted genital injury † Abstract: Primary Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder with classical presentation showing tetrad of excessive daytime sleepiness, cataplexy, sleep paralysis, and Hypnogogic hallucinations. Some conditions that result in secondary narcolepsy include traumatic brain injury, tumors, and stroke. [1] A rare case of secondary narcolepsy was seen in a patient with self-inflicted genital injury. A 30 year old male was referred to Psychiatry from Surgery for a self-inflicted incised wound on hydrocoele. Since last 1 year, he had multiple episodes of — 1. Sudden falls while working 2. Sleep during daytime often at unusual places 3. Periods of unresponsiveness during which he was aware but unable to move. During hospital stay, daytime somnolence, sleep paralysis and cataplexy were noted several times, but hallucinations were not consistently reported. Based on DSM-IV-TR N arcolepsy was diagnosed. Possible reasons for genital injury were 1. To remove fluid from swelling 2. Under sleep paralysis 3. Under Hypnogogic hallucinations. Patient’s EEG was normal. MRI brain showed Gliosis at cervico-medullary junction.MRI spine was advised to examine the cervico-vertebral junction but patient was lost to follow-up. But from history and investigations, it was concluded that he had secondary narcolepsy due to traumatic brain injury. Narcolepsy typically begins in the 2nd and 3rd decades of life and negatively impacts the quality of life of affected patients. Diagnosis relies on patient history and objective data gathered from polysomnography and multiple sleep latency testing. Treatment focuses on symptom relief through medication, education, and behavioural modification. Key-words: Cataplexy; Narcolepsy; Polysomnography; Self inflicted injury, Key Messages [D1] :Secondary narcolepsy is rare and sometimes can be missed to diagnose. Such rare presentation of secondary narcolepsy helps in diagnosing other cases of self-inflicting injuries. Introduction: [D2] Narcolepsy is neither a type of epilepsy nor a psychogenic disturbance. It is an abnormality of the sleep mechanisms specifically, REM-inhibiting mechanisms and it has been studied in dogs, sheep, and humans. Narcolepsy can occur at any age, but it most frequently begins in adolescence or young adulthood, generally before the age of 30. The disorder either progresses slowly or reaches a plateau that is maintained throughout life. [2]. The prevalence of narcolepsy varies across countries and with different ethnic groups, and so the exact prevalence is not known. Prevalence estimates have been reported to be between 168 and 799 per 100,000 in most studies, although Japanese studies have indicated a higher prevalence of 1600 per 100,000. [2,3]. There are no genetic tests currently available for clinical use to make a positive diagnosis of narcolepsy. Genetic testing may correlat e best to narcolepsy when there is already clear cataplexy. [4]. Supporting the evidence for an environmental influence is the fact that the disease is not apparent at birth, but instead commonly has its onset during the second decade of life. Additionally, there are apparent precipitating factors such as head trauma, infection, and changes in sleep-waking habits that have been identified in some cases. [6] Chronic, daytime sleepiness is a major, disabling symptom for many patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI), but thus far, its aetiology is not well understood. Extensive loss of the hypothalamic neurons that produce the wake-promoting neuropeptide hypocretin (orexin) causes the severe sleepiness of narcolepsy, and partial loss of these cells may contribute to the sleepiness of Parkinson disease and other disorders. One study has found that the number of hypocretin neurons is significantly reduced in patients with severe TBI. This observation highlights the often overlooked hy pothalamic injury in TBI and provides new insights into the causes of chronic sleepiness in patients with TBI. [7] Amphetamine usage has been associated with addiction, psychosis and self-injurious behaviour . There are report s on two patients who severely and repeatedly mutilated their own genitalia while intoxicated on amphetamines and consider possible diagnostic aetiologies. [8] Genital mutilation is common in males compared to females. [9] But narcolepsy presenting as self inflicted genital injury has not been reported so far. That is why this is a rare case .

Pollution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Pollution - Essay Example This condition of remaining free of ice is highly dependent on the water currents and states of the weather. The Polar Bears usually favor such areas which enable them to hunt for seals in these spots of leads and makes use of the sea ice to be their podium (Sea World, â€Å"Distribution and Habitat†). In the similarly context, polynyas are water areas which are bounded by ice all around the year because of tidal currents, winds and upwelling. These areas are considered to be significant as they serve as major food supplying and breeding regions for wintering marine mammals such as the Polar Bears. Few of the Polar Bears were learnt to chase the lower border of the floating sea ice throughout the year and makes widespread relocations according to the retreats and proceeds made by the ice (Sea World, â€Å"Distribution and Habitat†). The population of the Polar Bears has been found to be declining at an alarming pace because of their disappearing habitat owing to global warming. The various reasons accounting for the alterations in the climate has resulted in speedy loss of ice in the Arctic sea. The ice in the Arctic sea was found to turn down by 7.7 percent every decade along with a turn down in the sea ice in the perennial sea region by 9.8 percent every decade. To add more to this problem, in few of the areas, a contraction of the ice in the Arctic sea was found to be 32 percent from the periods of 1960 and 1970 to 1990. This huge decline in the ice areas have resulted in jeopardizing their habitat of the Polar Bears which is posing to be a severe threat to their population (World Wildlife Fund, â€Å"Polar Bear: This icon of the North Is Losing Ground As Global Warming Melts its Sea Ice Habitat†). Moreover, the ice is examined to melt quite before time in a year and is taking more time to develop owing to the alterations in the climate. This

Sex and sexuality a cultural taboo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Sex and sexuality a cultural taboo - Essay Example (Bristow 2) Sex is the physical course of action of the process of intercourse where as sexuality is how you feel, perceive or experience it. Studies have shown that when individuals move from one culture to another, the impact of culture on the sexuality of females is much greater than that on males. Christensen and Carpenter, (as cited in McAnulty and Burnette, 2006) argue that recently more information is being accumulated on the subject of sex and how it differs across different cultures and this will increase the knowledge database on the subject which wasn’t available in such a quantity in the past, the information provided by studies conducted on such matters gives proof that there is not much unevenness between the cross-cultural practices of men and women but when comparing the two one can conclude that that women tend to be at variance a lot more across those cultural margins in comparison to the male individuals. The basic concept and understanding of sexuality cann ot be altered in any manner no matter how much the society attempts to do so (Aggleton 188). The impact of sexual cultural practices on general health and the lives of its members: People have varying cultural practices regarding sex and sexuality; their beliefs and culture depend upon their religion, beliefs, social customs and area in which they are living. Where their cultural practices offer benefits, they also pose high risks for the individuals undergoing them e.g. FGM is mostly done in unhygienic conditions and also without anaesthesia, it is an extremely painful procedure and if things don’t go well, it could result in infection, diseases, infertility or even death. Also it permanently deprives the child of sexual pleasure for without her genitalia she will never be able to enjoy her sexual life. It is a cultural norm for those people, and any girl who is not circumcised loses her chance of marriage as it is considered disgraceful to marry a girl who is open. The topi cs of sex and sexuality are considered taboo topics in most cultures as well as religions. The youngsters when growing up and going through physical change have many questions regarding sex and sexuality but are unable to discuss them since it is an unmentionable topic they are inquisitive about their sexuality and how they perceive themselves in that manner but they end up keeping their queries and fears to themselves since they don’t have the opportunity to discuss. Female circumcision is a brutal practice and requires our attention to be curbed. The various cultural practices can be better explained as follows: Male circumcision: Circumcision is basically a small operation performed on the male`s penis to remove the skin covering the tip of his penis (Milos & Macris 1994). It was thought that young babies don’t have their senses fully developed and are unable to feel pain which is why it was recommended that circumcision be performed preferably on infants. But later it was discovered that infants are fully capable of experiencing pain and they can very well feel the excruciating pain inflicted upon them during the circumcision process (Northrup 2004). Circumcision has been practiced for

Fight Club Essay Example for Free

Fight Club Essay Fight Club is a movie about Jack who is an insomniac man, he work as a car manufacturer. He owns everything he wanted to from his condo to the furniture’s he have. Due to his insomniac he keeps on going to various groups also with the people with serious illness in order to get the human contact he wants. He has no friends at all, no relationship and no love ones. He thinks that joining clubs and other groups is the only thing to help him sleep. Until he meet a girl named Marla who he tends to have sex desire. The life of Jack change when he meets Tyler the soap maker who is played by Brad Pitt. After Tyler’s apartment blown into pieces mysteriously Jack lives with Tyler in an abandoned place. They tend try to fight that made them create a secret organization known as fight Club. At the ending of the story we see the twist of the story wherein Tyler is actually manifestation of â€Å"Jack† subconscious and repressed desires. This movie gives as the glimpse of identifying the Marx, Darwin, Freud and Nietzsche themes. According to Karl Marx Capitalism is the conflict between the labouring class which Jack belongs and the social class because economic displace everything else in capitalist society. Like what Jack been experiencing he is being scolded by his superior anytime, anywhere. Based on Marxist themes I identify on the movie the themes Alienation, on which it shows the Alienation in labour on which Jack actually didn’t like his job and at the same time with his job because he is always been scolded by his superior, but still has no option rather than to continue working because of having no means of production of his own; that he have to sell his labour power in order to buy the furniture’s he wanted to and in order to survive. His means of survival is to continue working to provide his needs and wants. It’s just the value of human is equated on the amount of money he has and the social status he belongs. According to Darwin the environment affects the behavior of an individual. On the movie it shows the brutality on which there’s violence happen in the fight club by fighting each individual not for survival purposes. It shows in the movie that it’s the nature of individual to create brutality and violence. Second theme is there is degrading free will in the side of Jack on which he is slave of Tyler’s characters and personality. It’s just means that characters don’t really have their own free will that force them into degrading behavior. Third individual with advantageous trait has the better chance of surviving like Tyler he can survive rather than Jack because his strength. There are too many themes in terms of Freudian Perspective but I preferred to use the Ego Defense Mechanism. Fantasy is one of the major theme I’ve identify in the movie which is the narrator Jack tends to imagine that there is such character as Tyler who is brave, good-looking and perfect. He imagine about himself as Tyler which is real opposite of him. But the reality is it’s just between his imaginations that he wanted to be someone else who has greater personality than him. He idealizes of someone who is master than him. Second theme is Denial the narrator denies of his real personality that his weak he idealize other personality as him which is real strong. He deny of the real fact that he’s weak and tends to pursue of having a personality consider as perfect. The twist of the movie is part of the Freudian Themes wherein Tyler is actually manifestation of â€Å"Jack† subconscious and repressed desires. One of Nietzsche theme is the creation of a higher â€Å"I† is shown in the movie Fight Club it is shown by Jack, he struggle to idealize personal development and perfection through Tyler’s personality. He creates a character opposite to him which is so brave and real perfect. He embraces the danger towards the creation of passionate and exciting life by re-evaluating old ideals or creating new ones. Second theme is the emphasis of strength, Independence and power toward the master mortality. The Master Mortality is shown in the character of Tyler which is strong, powerful, good-looking and above all. The character shows the other side of Jack which shows the character how strong he is and how he fights because of honor not with pleasure. The character of Tyler shows his personality that the more conflicts he encounter, the more strength and success he are. Fight Club is one of the best movie which you can identify different themes of Marx, Darwin, Freud and Nietzsche.

Violence On Television: Violence Is Everywhere Essay -- essays researc

Violence on Television: Violence is Everywhere " I never learned which party was victorious, nor the cause of the war, But I felt for the rest of that day, as if I had had my feelings excited and harrowed by witnessing the struggle..." (Henry David Thoreau) These days our whole life seems to revolve around violence. There are so many channels on TV that advocate violence on a daily basis. Sports that we see every Sunday stir up aggressiveness and bring anger to a high level. Around school conflicts seem to occur frequently. We get excited whenever we come across these situations and sometimes don't know what caused the ordeal in the first place but nevertheless it grabs us and we become involved, mentally and/or physically. The television set is a virtual fire hose of violenc...

Case Study in Waste Management of Philippines Essay

Bart Meehan Facilities and Services Division, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia Keywords Australasia, Environmental management strategy, Universities Abstract Discusses the extent to which environmental management is considered a mainstream business activity within Australian and New Zealand universities. Describes how a survey instrument was used to collect data on environmental programs, their resourcing and control processes, and the level of community involvement in their development and ongoing management. These indicators of mainstreaming are discussed and particular reference is made to the Australian National University (ANU) and its experience with mainstreaming environmental management. The survey data indicate that in the majority of the surveyed institutions, environmental management cannot be considered a mainstream business activity. To aid universities in assessing their progress towards mainstreaming, a conceptual framework is presented and a model of organi sational change is discussed. Introduction In response to the calls for ecologically sustainable development (WCED, 1987) and for leadership in environmental protection (Leal Filho et al., 1996), many universities throughout the world are recognising the need to adopt environmental management systems and to integrate these systems into their business operations. However, in the USA  and Europe, at least, few universities are vigorously pursuing green initiatives (Dahle and Neumayer, 2001). One reason for this may be that environmental management remains a peripheral management issue. This article suggests that if environmental programs are to succeed, they must be mainstreamed into university operations, rather than sidelined as a soft management issue. Read more:  Waste Management in the Philippines This article provides an analysis of environmental management in ten universities surveyed throughout Australia and New Zealand. While much information about environmental management in both US (e.g. HammondCreighton, 1998; Herremans and Allright, 2000), and European (e.g. Delakowitz and Hoffman, 2000; Noeke, 2000; Dahle and Neumayer, 2001) tertiary institutions has been forthcoming, aside from Howard et al.’s (2000) case study of the Charles Sturt University, little information about environmental management at Australian and New Zealand universities is available. Hopefully this contribution will stimulate discussion and interest and encourage further empirical studies on environmental management in Australasian universities. The aim of this investigation is to identify the extent to which environmental management systems are underpinned by business management practice and thus mainstreamed into university management processes. Herremans and Allright (2000) have suggested that the level of financial investment, and the level of senior executive involvement indicate how mainstreamed environmental management programs are within tertiary institutions. While agreeing, we feel that there are other indicators of mainstreaming that demonstrate organisational commitment. These include community involvement, the development of environmental plans and the presence of control processes. This article examines features of each of the environmental programs surveyed, with particular emphasis on the following:  The presence of an environmental management p lan and the level of financial and human resources available. . The control processes that exist (e.g. environmental management systems, audits, reports to management). . The level of campus community involvement in the program. After discussing the surveys, a brief case study of the Australian National University (ANU) will be presented. This is included because of the authors’ familiarity with the issues and not because it necessarily offers an example of best practice. Indeed, if the analysis shows anything, it is that while much has been done to improve environmental performance at the surveyed universities, there is still much more to do. Methodology and survey results The authors developed a simple survey instrument to gather information about the environmental management systems of Australasian universities. An invitation to complete the survey was issued to all universities in Australia and New Zealand via the Australian Universities Environmental Managers Network (AUEMN) and the mailing list of the Australasian Higher Education Facilities Managers Association (AAPPA). Of the 46 possible universities (38 Australian; eight New Zealand), ten complete surveys were received  ± a response rate of 21.7 per cent. The response rate for New Zealand universities (37.5 per cent) was much higher than that of Australian universities (18.4 per cent). The participating universities were: . The University of Western Australia. . The University of Newcastle. . The University of New South Wales. . University of Wollongong. . Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology. The results of the surveys are shown in Tables I, II and III[1]. Table I shows base information about the environmental policy of the participating universities, including whether or not an environmental plan exists and the  level of financial support. Table II contains information about community involvement. Table III contains details of control processes such as reporting and auditing. Not surprisingly, as indicated by Table I, the survey showed that all participating universities had an environmental policy approved at the executive level. All policies where established between 1994 and 1998. Either working groups or formal committees developed the majority of policies; only two policies were established by employees without feedback from a working group or committee. All the policies established by the participating universities make energy conservation, waste management and â€Å"sustainability’’ key aims of the environmental program. Seven policies also make broad references to the teaching and research activities of the universities and the importance of consistency between the principles espoused in teaching and the actions of the corporate university. Only one policy makes a specific reference to â€Å"greening the curriculum’’. Seven respondents indicated that an environmental management plan was developed following the approval of a policy and that these plans are used to operationalise the principles detailed in the policy documents. Of the universities who did not have a formal plan, one stated that a plan was currently being developed, another that they â€Å"work from the policy’’, and yet another that the â€Å"university has an appropriate vision and objective which is driven by a well represented working party’’. One university without a plan also indicated that it was â€Å"becoming increasingly recognised that one would be useful . . . [to bring] various programs together and give them momentum’’. The survey asked respondents to comment on what, if any, management structure and budget had been established to facilitate the implementation of the environmental management program. Six universities stated that they had a formally established environmental management committee overseeing the implementation of the policy; four respondents indicated that there was no committee structure, with one of these respondents noting that the pre-existing management committee had â€Å"ceased meeting in 1998 and has not reconvened’’. The surveys indicated that the facilities management department played a strong role in the implementation of environmental management objectives, in all but one of the participating universities.

Globalization to Beat Inequality Essay

Indeed, globalization is the most popular trend in international economics. Increasing integration of world markets and exchanges of information and technology are definitely expected to help the least developed nations, thereby bridging the gap between the haves and the have-nots. Thus, the thesis of Bhagwati’s (2004) book, In Defense of Globalization – that, in fact, globalization helps the poorest people of the world – must be agreed with. After all, foreign direct investments are an extraordinary boost for the economies of the developing world. Moreover, by importing and exporting more goods and services than before, a developing nation may very well increase its income and also improve the standard of living of its peoples. It is generally believed that an increase in international trade is accompanied by an increase in income inequality, seeing that the majority of the people in developing nations are poor and cannot afford to purchase relatively expensive foreign goods in the local market, nor form gigantic enterprises to sell to the foreign public. Furthermore, globalization involves the risk of foreign companies taking advantage of the undeveloped regulatory structures in developing nations. As an example, a foreign water company in Argentina, after the mass privatization of Argentinian business, was said to have been very ethical before it entered Argentina. The company had connections with France and the United States. All the same, the company turned to poor service in Argentina soon after privatization. The water company was eventually taken over by the Argentinian government for its careless, irresponsible behavior (Hacher 2007). If managed correctly, though, globalization is expected to help our world in significant ways. The famous observation of Friedman (2000) must also be considered in this analysis: â€Å"No two countries with McDonald’s have fought a war against each other since each got its McDonald’s. † Indeed, peace is conducive to global economic growth. But, so is equality. Even though the gap between the haves and the have-nots has been widening in recent years, good management of globalization may work wonders for the global economy. The World Trade Organization protests globalization on behalf of the poor nations. As an effect of globalization, the developing nations – just because they are doing business with the richer ones – are asked to accept the standards of environmental and labor protection that only the rich nations are able to afford at this point in time. Seeing that one of the accompaniments to globalization is acceleration, the World Trade Organization wants to emphasize that developing nations must be given more time to adjust to change. The fact that these nations require more time to adjust to change is illustrated by the experience of India with respect to child labor law. In point of fact, child labor law in India took a long time to be developed. The law was implemented at various levels over the course of many years, the reason being that India required children to work in its factories because of the Indian economy’s dependency on cheap labor. Besides, the parents of Indian children who worked could not afford to support their children that did not work (Pandey 2006). The debate over agricultural trade is by and large the most important issue for the World Trade Organization to deal with. Pitting rich nations against the poor, the debate emphasizes that the world’s poorest nations have few exports to offer besides basic agricultural products. Given that international trade is a necessity in today’s internationalized world, developing nations must compete against the giant nations, such as the United States and Japan. Developed nations support farmers with subsidies. If they do not support their own farmers, the latter would go out of business. This assistance – amounting to approximately three hundred billion dollars every year – increases the supply of basic agricultural products on the world market. As the price of agricultural produce is lowered, it is the poor nations that are hurt. In other words, the average cow in the European Union receives a daily subsidy of more than two U. S. dollars, and this figure is greater than the daily wage of twenty percent of the world’s population (Kaplan & Calzonetti 2005). Although Blinder (2006) is correct to state that the developed world would have to deal with tremendous change if â€Å"offshore outsourcing† is highly popularized in the coming years, it is not the rich world that requires help at this point in any case. Moreover, by mostly considering the changes that the rich world would have to experience, there is no way that economists would be able to convince the developed nations to effectively work with the developing nations. Therefore, it is essential to popularize offshore outsourcing by describing the benefits that both the developed and the developing world would accrue by means of it. After all, the developed world is in an excellent position to grant more jobs to people in the developing world. It would certainly be a win-win situation.Furthermore, it would help to bridge the widening gap between the haves and the have-nots, thereby ensuring sustainable development too. REFERENCES Bhagwati, JN 2004, In Defense of Globalization, Oxford University Press, New York. Blinder, AS 2006, ‘Offshoring: The Next Industrial Revolution? ,’ Foreign Affairs, Mar/Apr 2006, available at http://www. foreignaffairs. org/20060301faessay85209-p0/alan-s-blinder/offshoring-the-next-industrial-revolution. html. Friedman, TL 2000, The Lexus and the Olive Tree: Understanding Globalization, Anchor Books, New York. Hacher, S 2007, ‘Argentina Water Privatization Scheme Runs Dry,’ Global Policy Forum, 26 Feb 2007, available at http://globalpolicy. igc. org/socecon/bwi=wto/wbank/2004/0226argwater. htm. Kaplan, E, & Calzonetti, C 2005, ‘The WTO’s Troubled ‘Doha Negotiations,’ Council on Foreign Relations, 9 Dec 2005, available at http://www. cfr. org/index. html. Pandey, G 2006, ‘India Tightens Child Labor Laws,’ BBC News, 10 Oct 2006, available at http://news. bbc. co. uk/2/hi/default. stm.

A Different Approach on How to Write an Argumentative Essay Essay Example

A Different Approach on How to Write an Argumentative Essay Essay Example A Different Approach on How to Write an Argumentative Essay Essay A Different Approach on How to Write an Argumentative Essay Essay Essay Topic: Argumentative Writing an argumentative becomes very easy and simple just as long as you learn how to write an argumentative essay. This is an article that will tell you how to write an argumentative essay with ease, following these tips can even make writing the argumentative essay fun and enjoyable. The following tips are written in plain and easy English and can be understood by anyone, so make use of them to write your own argumentative essay.? Select a topic that you strongly believe in The most important thing in how to write an argumentative essay is that the topic you choose should be something that you strongly believe in. Now you must be thinking why I am saying this, the thing is that the argumentative essay is of course arguing about something, it is something like a debate, a debate you need to win. So how can you win a debate or even argue on a subject if you don’t believe in it right? This is why you need to choose a topic you strongly believe in. Another thing you need to remember is to start your argumentative essay with a sentence and not with a question. Why this is important is once again because you are supporting a subject, there is no question in that. Strong supporting points Once you have decided on the main subject or theme of your argumentative essay, you now need to decide what supporting points you are going to add to it to make it appear more solid and believable. These points should not be against your thesis but instead strong with it. Also keep in mind that your points need to be from reliable sources otherwise your essay will not be appreciated at all. Create Paragraphs Once you have decided the points, now it’s time for you to make some paragraphs. As with any other type of essay, each point will have one paragraph. Remember not to repeat the same sentences again and again but instead try to add some interesting facts about the points you are including. When you are starting the paragraph, always start with a clear statement and then continue to other smaller points, something sort of like a funnel model. Once again, if you are including a citation or something then always make sure it is from a reliable source. You could also find useful resources from other known people. Write the Introduction After you have done writing the body of the essay, it’s time for you to write an attention grabbing introduction. It is of extreme importance that you write a really good introduction because this will keep the reader interested and will take him to the main argument. But remember not to offend anyone in your argumentative essay. The Conclusion The ending of the essay is a conclusion, which also has to be written with extreme caution. Wrap up things nicely so that the reader leaves really believing in what you have been saying. Don’t extend the conclusion but instead write it in a short and sweet way.

The relationship between everyday and laboratory-based research works Essay - 1

The relationship between everyday and laboratory-based research works to ensure the latter is not sterile. Discuss with reference to at least one area of memory research - Essay Example y in real life settings (this is the argument)(Minear, n.d.).(In-text citation for the remarks â€Å"how did you know that--i need some acknowledgement please...†) Everyday memory approach is a type of research method that involves the study of real-life memories of the subject’s past (McDermott,Szpunar, & Christ, 2009). It employs the use of cue words as a starting point to trigger the recall of a related memory (McDermott et al., 2009). The highlight of this method is that it involves the completion of a task that occurs naturally in the real world (Minear, n.d.). It is usually used by researchers when laboratory research â€Å"...is unrealistic, cost-prohibitive or would unduly affect the subject’s behaviour...† (Kendra, n.d.). The advantage of this method is that it permits the study of variables that cannot be manipulated in the laboratory.It strengthens the external validity of the study, and the results obtained are usually generalizable (Kalat, 2008). This technique, however, has its own set of disadvantages among which are less control over study variables, requires longer contact with subjects, as it usually take s longer for people to form a vivid picture of the events they are recalling, and the research usually takes a longer time to finish (McDermott et al., 2009). The use of everyday memory method has been met with many criticisms. Banaji and Crowder (1989) labeled it a â€Å"...superficial glitter...that should not be allowed to replace the quest for truly generalizable principles,† while Alterman (1996) found incorporating â€Å"...everyday memory to a correspondence metaphor...problematic†. Kvavilashvili and Ellis (2004) defended the said technique and asserted that everyday memory yields sound results and can be generalize as information acquired as representative of the study population. This method is also the method of choice in investigating memories influenced by emotional and reconstructive factors, such as flashbulb memories (Lanciano &

Independence War 1775 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Independence War 1775 - Research Paper Example However, the parliament made it clear through the enactment of the Declaratory Act of 1766, that it had the authority to tax the colonies (Bobrick 15). This paper is a critical evaluation of the economic factors, which pushed the colonies to rebel against Great Britain and demand for independence. Economic Factors that Led to the American War of Independence (1775-1783) The War of Independence, or the American Revolutionary War, is a war, which was fought between Great Britain and 13 American colonies between the years 1775 and 1783 (Greene 201). However, it may be important to note that France and Spain were also actively involved in the war as they provided military assistance to the Americans. When the British entered America long before the revolution, they settled in colonies, after which leaders were selected in every one of them as representatives of the British government in England. They were to ensure that the colonies provided sufficient raw materials to the industries abr oad as well as market for the manufactured products. They were also supposed to ensure that the colonies remained loyal to the crown by collecting taxes on behalf of the British government (Alden 20). ... More so because the colonies did not have sufficient machinery and personnel to defend themselves from France and therefore, they needed the protection of their mother country, which was well equipped militarily. Secondly, the Anglo-French war was a highly costly affair and it hurt the British economy deeply (Bailyn 27). It is estimated that in North America, the British government spent approximately 4% of its total spending to protect the colonies from French invasion (Bailyn, 36). The colonials from North America also failed to fulfill their obligations during the war in terms of financial contribution and provision of personnel to engage in the war to defend their territories. Due to this, the British Government decided to come up with a strategy to cover the heavy losses and one way to do this was to increase revenues from the colonies. In 1763, the British government decided to halt the expansion of the colonies by creating borders, with an intention of preserving land belongin g to the Indians (Alden 41). This move was meant to gain favor from the Indians so that they could become consumers of British manufactured goods thereby providing market, which was essential in promoting the economy. In order to achieve this objective, British soldiers were posted on the western lands and were charged with the mandate of expelling all the Americans who had settled there as well as prevent new settlement by the American colonials. Ironically, the soldiers were to be paid using taxes collected from the Americans (Bobrick 22). The colonials did not take this lightly as they perceived it as a move to limit their economic interests and this created discontent and hatred towards Britain as it led to the

Marketing Skills Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Marketing Skills - Essay Example It is also concerned with anticipating the customers' future needs and wants, often through market research." These are the main key factors on which one should concentrate and thus opening the new doors of success in the field of marketing and in this field one should be adaptive to innovations and able to grasp the marketing trends and finally understanding the graph of success & failure of the best applied method. "Advertising is a one-way communication whose purpose is to inform potential customers about products and services and how to obtain them. Every major medium is used to deliver these messages, including: television, radio, movies, magazines, newspapers, video games, the Internet and billboards." But before choosing the advertising media one should concentrate on the following questions and try to answer these questions - What target markets I am trying to reach with my ads What would I like them to think and perceive about my products (this should be in terms of benefits to them, not you) What communications media do they see or prefer the most Consider TV, radio, newsletters, classifieds, displays/signs, posters, word of mouth, press releases, direct mail, special events, brochures, neighborhood newsletters, etc. What media is most practical for me to use in terms of access and affordability (the amount spent on advertising is often based on the revenue expected from the product or service, that is, the sales forecast) Lastly, successful advertising depends very much on knowing the preferred methods and styles of communications of the target markets that you want to reach with your ads. A media plan and calendar can be very useful, which specifies what advertising methods are used and when. "Effective copywriting (also known as business writing) is any writing that sells a product, a service, or even a person. The radio commercial you hear on your way to work is an example of copywriting. The sales letters and advertisements you receive in the mail are examples as well. Even the billboards you see on the highway are examples of copywriting. In other words it means the effective use of words to communicate a sales message. The objective of is to generate leads which are in turn converted to sales. It's only a way, how much footage a person can earn for his products through his ads or the way he presents it to the whole world i.e. attracting customers with the help of words within fractions of seconds." Some strategies are: - 1) Use attention grabbing text to keep users in the site. 2) Avoid making the

Allegory of the Cave in Platos Book Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Allegory of the Cave in Platos Book - Essay Example One question that thinkers need to answer in the allegory of the cave is; who is the liberator? The fact that this allegory had a symbolic meaning to the manner in which true knowledge is achieved, gives room for many thinkers to deduce that the Liberator is the philosopher. In fact, as one may realize, Socrates advised on the need for those who have seen light to go back and pass the very light to those in the darkness. This would mean, philosophers, taking responsibility in passing true knowledge to those who are yet to receive knowledge. First, Socrates claimed that the prisoners were in a locked cave, chained from birth and unable to move their bodies and could only stare straight at the wall of the cave. This situation would portray human being in the world of the unknown. Moreover, Socrates believed that a person had an inner knowledge that only needed to be shaped, rather than being taught by the teachers. That would be symbolic to the prisoner who only needed a springboard to let him make the first movement towards enlightenment. Secondly, the prisoners in the cave are portrayed as only able to see the shadows of real visible things (Bloom, 1991). This phrase would symbolize human being in the sense where they lack true knowledge of real things that exist. In such circumstances, people would reason under conditions of the depravity of knowledge and imagine that they know everything, yet the true knowledge is hidden from them. Nevertheless, when either the internal force or the external force triggers the already existing knowledge, they would come to realize the true knowledge and live in it. Some of the factors may prevent one from perceiving reality. One is the fear to accept the reality. Here, one may realize that most people would not like to accept the change and cope with it.  

Defining And Analysing Business Ethics Philosophy Essay

Defining And Analysing Business Ethics Philosophy Essay Ethics is similar value and moral, in business ethics are doing something and decision, that not right or wrong, it is depend on people how to treat and feel it. In business, all care about is money, it will done everything because of money. They even not care about to do that thing have moral or not. They just think about that done about have valuable or not. Business ethics is doing not have correct or wrong, it is depend how much you can covered by your conscience. Define the follow Concepts: In business ethics, there have five concepts, which are contractual rights, ethics of virtue, legal rights, principles of fair equality opportunity, and utilitarianism. Those concepts can to guide or to be an example for the business to conduct. Contractual rights is the rights based on the contract, either one party of the contract breach the contract, the other party can to sued the breach of contract. It is an agreement between two or more people mutual benefit but do not necessarily involve in mutual supportiveness. The right is based on the contract, if the contract does not have mention about, then might not can to sue the other party because in this theory is based on the contractual rights. No contract, no agreement, and then no right to complain or sue the other party. In business, everything is made by the contract that can secure both party benefit and loss. Contractual right can to secure people have the right to made contract and sue people who is breach of contract. Both parties have the right to sue other party based on the contract. For example, buyer and the seller, they have to sign a contract for seller must have supply A4 paper 1000 sets. Buyer has the right the sue seller because supply A3 paper to them, instead of A4 paper. Both party have right to sue each other if they have something are not followed by the contract. Or the seller can sue the buyer if the buyer is late or do not have pay the installments. Ethics of virtue is an approach to ethics that rule, and particular acts focus on the kind of people who acting. Ethics of virtue is the person when is a kid, parents or people who relative to effect the person. Ethics of virtue is important for business ethics because in business people must trust other people. And the trust is come from the virtue ethics. Ethics of virtue is that value and characteristic on the person, is based on the person culture, background, moral, and value. Obligation is not morally sufficient for virtue. To compare virtues and moral character is duties or rules and that consequence of actions. In business, businessmen or businesswomen believe that trust. Although they have to sign contract, before this action, they must have a trust between each other. Some of the business is do not have use contract, they use trust to their each other, such as allow owing the money for doing the business. If do not have any trust for the business party or other party, it might make the business hard to conduct. They are allow to owing money is not a small amount, if they each other do not have trust between them. How come a person to believe and allow to owing the money? For example, to do a business must have a virtue ethics, such as be honest. Nowadays, to do businesses are cannot to cheat other party, customers already to be smarter, they are know you are cheating them. Once they are known you are cheating them, they are not to deal with you anymore. They would not to do a business with a dishonest businessman, and it will to spoil the business images because the person who deals with you, they will spread out what you did. This ethics theory should be right based that legal rights are that legal guaranteed power available to a legal. It can claims to rights, such as property, work, privacy, speak, and clean environment. Such as people have the right have a clean and good environment to live, they have right to live in a good environment. But some of the people to spoil and dirty up the environment, such as thrown rubbish in river, spitting, and so on. People have the right to live in a good environment, maybe some of the people are not like to live in good and clean environment but they have no right to discourage other people have right to live in good and clean environment. In business, right do not have correct or wrong, there are only have positive and negative right. Positive right is that right is good for anyone; negative right is that might have some of people do not thing that is good or bad for anyone. Such as, a people smoke not right or wrong, in the smoker, they have a right to smoke, but for people who surround the smoker have the right do not have breathed in the second smoke. Positive right is smoker has a right to smoke, the negative right is people have a right to choose does not breathe in the secondhand smoke. For example, people have a right to sell or not to anyone. Businessmen have their own right to decide to sell what kind of product, and they have right to selling to whom. Unfortunately, government have to interfere with the business, no one can to in charge the business without government. But businessmen have the right to choose which party they want to collaborate with. Principles of fair equality of opportunity is mean everyone have a fair enough opportunity in every fields. To be fair or have an equality of opportunity that should have not any discrimination, include culture, religion, race, gender, age, and so on. Have an equality opportunity is very difficult to gain and it have happened in everywhere. Hard to prevent or avoid this thing happened. If to fair enough to everyone, it will to make happened more because to given more chance to everyone to try to do. More chance to try that can have more answer at all. In business, company or businessmen are discrimination of gender, age, culture, race, and so on to hiring or dealing with. Discrimination people might get sued by the people. For example, a company to hire a staff cannot to depend on the staff background, culture, region, and gender; it might get sued by the candidate. Or a business deal because of the gender or race. Many businesses were done by the gender, it might consider as bribe. Some kinds of businesses are not dealing with women, because discrimination women capable, they are doubt women capable. Have an equality of opportunity that can to help the business going up, maybe the people who are discriminated by the person, they can maximum the job, to done as well. Different people have different capable, should to give a chance for everyone, just for done as well in the job. Also that do not discrimination any position of job, even a cleaning worker is important for a company. Utilitarianism is takes into consideration opportunity cost and benefit, and to give satisfaction to other. It should choose the option that brings greater to most people. It can to maximum the good and minimum the harm, and it has to decide what is good. There have two types of utilitarianism which is act utilitarianism and rule utilitarianism. Act utilitarianism is performing that act to leads to greatest good for greatest, it is use an action to greatest to people, such as charity, donation, and so on. Each individual action is to be evaluated directly utility principle. In business it will do the charity and something for social responsibility in order to build a good image to the company. For example, a company to give salary to the worker in return working for company, the salary for the workers is very important because the money can to give they eat, sleep, drink, clothes, and even to pay the daily use expenses. It is to greatest good and to give greatest for most people. To using an action to give a happiness to people, such as donate money to beggar. Other utilitarianism is rule utilitarianism; it is based on the rule to give the greatest people. Rule have significant place, and cannot be compromised for protect at all. It is behavior that evaluated by rules, if universally followed would lead to the greatest good for the greatest. For example, to give a greastest based on the rule, it might as the law. Only the rule can to protect, secure, and to give the greatest, it will help to give a good thing. The rules are come from the law, and the law will secure the benefit for everyone. In business, businessmen or businesswomen use the rule to secure their business. Such as, the method to do business is very important, need to understand the rule of different business, or sign contract. In conclusion, the concepts of ethics are example to give businessmen or businesswomen know that to do business must have conscience, and that also nowadays the thing do not have. Five concepts have business ethics that are contractual rights, ethics of virtue, legal rights, principles of fair equality of opportunity, and utilitarianism. QUESTION 2 2. Do you agree with the claims that (i) future generations have no rights, and (ii) the future generations to which we have obligations actually include only the generation that will immediately succeed us? Explain your answer. If you do not agree with these claims, state your own views and provide arguments to support them. Introduction: What is Right? Rights are an equitable that can have it to everyone that is a power to everyone. Everyone have a power to decide their own things how to going on. For a company they have copyrights that to prevent other company to copy they product packaging or logo. Human have a rights to choose what they want actually, even a kid also have a rights to choose what they want. But many people are like to decide for everyone, they are discouraging people to choose what they want, such as parent, friends, and sibling. Do Not Agree Future Generations have No Right I am not agree future generations have no rights, everyone come to this world should have their own rights. For future generations also, they have their own rights to decided by themselves. Parents should try to let children to make decision, maybe decision is wrong, and at least, the decision is decided by them. They are not regret about the wrong decision. Future generations should have rights to choose what they are wanted actually. Future generations are our future hope, should to bring a best thing to them. Education, future generations have own opinion, perception, and they have rights to selection or decide what they future. Such as parents to arrange the children go to other country to further study, or to disallow the children to choose what they want. Parents are not consider the child do not want to go oversea for further study. Some of parents will interfere with children study, maybe the children are like to draw, and have talent to draw, want to be artist, but parents hope the child to be an accountant or be professional, do not like a child to be artist. To stop the child dream but the child has rights to decide what career they want. Many workers are not satisfying their job because they doing the job are not they like. Maybe some workers are forced by parents; they are not hope to do so. Have a lot of people will to do what the parents hope, after that, they will change the career, or even go to study again for interest. Furthermore, nowadays people have educated, they know what are they can to have and right. They would not to keep quiet; they are known what rights they have. Formerly, government are controlled publish the truth and information to the citizens for prevent citizens know what right they should have. Nowadays, citizens can to know and find out the truth and information through the internet. Future generations also have the rights to choose what the choices they want, such as they have rights to decide what they want to do, purchase, eat, sleep, and drink. They have to choose by themselves. Parents are very nervous their children, everything are done for children, do not know what children want. Obligation In my opinion, people should to do something to secure future generations have to know and can to keep on to other future generations. The obligations for future generations there are to protection environment and give a freedom selection. Parents or other people cannot to make a decision for the future generations; they have rights to decide by their own. Future generations have the rights live in a good environment that they have a right to choose what environment to live. They have the rights to breath in every air are pure and fresh; do not have any haze mix with the air. Nowadays, water, air and noise are polluted by human; the future generations might not have a good environment for the rest of the life. Besides that, some kind of animals and plants are facing extinct because of human are not save the planet. Human are always wasted natural resource and to polluted environment. Air pollution, future generations have rights to choose what air to breath in, they have rights to decide how fresh the air breath in, but children might need to wear mask for prevent breath in that air are destroying their lung. Have a lot of the mill, factory, manufactures are doing some kind of business that polluted air. To burn the chemical in order for produce the product, and the haze will spread out and in the air. Water pollution, water is very important for our life that is cannot lack of. Has a lot of the company using water to conduct business, at same time, the company is the most pollute water. Such as, company thrown some liquid have chemical in the rivers or seas. Besides polluted water, people are wasted water. Water on earth that only have 1/3 water is can to drink, 2/3 water is cannot drink that is salt water. If human waste or polluted water, in future, the future generation might do not have clear water for drink, even will have a war caused by water. Noise pollution, noise pollution is very effect people think and emotion. The sound will make people going in bad emotion because the sound too noise. Such as, developer to building house nearby the school or surround the houses, the sound effecting the student study when developer to building the house, sure have come out some of the sound. Future generations have right to having a quiet and nice environment to study or live in. They would not hope have a noise sound surround their life. Animals and plants extinct, future generations have rights to know, discovery, see, and explore animals and plants, but nowadays, animals and plants are very rare, almost going to extinct. Animals and plants going to extinct because businessmen or businesswomen to mining trees, sure the trees will die and animals are loss shelter and die also. Future generations have right to know and see the animals, soon and later, future generation may not know how a trees or animals look. The obligation for environment is protection environment. For water, people should do not waste water, overuse or wasted. Company should not throw the cabbage or chemical liquid thrown in the rivers or seas. Company should to reduce the products are destroy through the air. Or use something can to replace that chemical which are release on the air. Such as air-conditioner have release a gas that destroy atmosphere to be thin enough, after that the UV light will directly come in the earth and human, animals, and planet will die caused of the UV light. Nowadays, air-conditioner release that gases are replace by another gas that do not have destroy our atmosphere. To prevent the developer developing the building make the noise, they should to developing the building is making sure done everything. Such as the building was built up already, and if some of the houses need to decoration the houses should to decoration when the building not yet allow people stay in. to reduce the noise, or the machine changes to silent machine. Animals and plants extinct because of the human mining trees after did not to re-plant in on the jungle. It is made the animals and plant extinct. Human should re-plant on the plant which is mined. Resources, businessmen or businesswomen are should not to wasted and use up the natural resource. Future generations have rights to use the natural material, but nowadays have a lot for natural materials are almost used up. The obligation of the human are to reuse the materials, such as recycle paper, tin, and so on. Do not wasted the natural materials, and to be more environmental protection. Such as recycle, reuse, and to be vegetarian to reduce the natural materials will be used up. In conclusion, future generations should have rights to choose what they want to do for future, such as education. And future generations have rights own any best environment and resource. Human should have obligations to take care and to succeed.

Essay --

City of God we would all think of a holy place to be in but on the controversy it wasn’t the safest place to be in. â€Å"But in the end one needs more courage to live than to kill himself.† Albert Camus Many young kids do not have a house to run to, a mother to cuddle with, a father to set things straight siblings to get love from. Reality getting involved in violence can make you but in the end break you. Power with violence can make you stronger five you more power but break you in a blink of an eye. Brutality of life is revealed in Rios slums in this Brazilian film. A powerful film that views violence, lack of education, lack of money in 3rd world countries People create a civilized society individuals make it the norm however there are those ignorant people that just destruct everything and make it a disaster. It is part of a human balance to have good and evil. According to Urban Cinefile Critics, "A powerful and haunting film that explores the myriad of stories that lie deep within the slums of Rio, City Of God shocks, enlightens and above all affects us by taking us into a world where drugs and organized crime are a way of life." But in this film it shows that everyone choses their own paths to walk by for instances if it wasn’t for the harsh and brutality in that city Rocket, who is intelligent, cannot survive to do the work that his intelligence entitles him to do. Take pictures be in the photography industry and have his work published. Intelligence can be made in everyone that chooses to succeed in life the right way however a charter named Lil Z in this movie shows us otherwise. Stupidity, lack of knowledge (thinking he is famous being in the newspaper) not being able to read at his age is just sad. Thinking he is God of... ...see karma in the ending where Lil Z returns to the city looking for the children for help id assume these children turn on hi and kill him Rocket captures the whole scenery which made him famous having one person on the inside and living another life where that shot he took landed on the front page of the newspaper. Neighborhoods do have an impact on a child's behavior as well as the way they vision themselves growing up. A child's background in life matters no matter what. Where a child has grown up the neighborhood history remains the same until someone changes the perspective of the scenery the children grew up in as well as the violence that was always surrounded them. They need a better role model because in the end history bounded to repeat itself having now kids under the age of 15 walking around thinking they run the place till history repeats itself again.

Jose Garcia Villa Essay

Jose Garcia Villa (August 5, 1908 – February 7, 1997) was a Filipino poet, literary critic, short story writer, and painter. He was awarded the National Artist of the Philippines title for literature in 1973,[1] as well as the Guggenheim Fellowship in creative writing by Conrad Aiken.[2] He is known to have introduced the â€Å"reversed consonance rime scheme† in writing poetry, as well as the extensive use of punctuation marks—especially commas, which made him known as the Comma Poet.[3] He used the penname Doveglion (derived from â€Å"Dove, Eagle, Lion†), based on the characters he derived from himself. These animals were also explored by another poet e.e. cummings in Doveglion, Adventures in Value, a poem dedicated to Villa. Early life Villa was born on August 5, 1908, in Manila’s Singalong district. His parents were Simeon Villa (a personal physician of Emilio Aguinaldo, the founding President of the First Philippine Republic) and Guia Garcia (a wealthy landowner).He graduated from the University of the Philippines Integrated School and the University of the Philippines High School in 1925. Villa enrolled on a Pre-Medical course in the University of the Philippines, but then switched to Pre-Law course. However, he realized that his true passion was in the arts. Villa first tried painting, but then turned into creative writing after reading Winesburg, Ohio by Sherwood Anderson. Writing career Villa was considered the leader of Filipino â€Å"artsakists†, a group of writers who believe that art should be â€Å"for art’s sake† hence the term. He once pronounced that â€Å"art is never a means; it is an end in itself.† Villa’s tart poetic style was considered too aggressive at that time. In 1929 he published Man Songs, a series of erotic poems, which the administrators in UP found too bold and was even fined Philippine peso for obscenity by the Manila Court of First Instance. In that same year, Villa won Best Story of the Year from Philippine Free Press magazine for Mir-I-Nisa. He also received P1,000,000 prize money, which he used to migrate to the United States. He enrolled at the University of New Mexico, wherein he was one of the founders of Clay, a mimeograph literary magazine.He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree, and pursued post-graduate work at Columbia University.Villa had gradually caught the attention of the countryâ€℠¢s literary circles, one of the few Asians to do so at that time. After the publication of Footnote to Youth in 1933, Villa switched from writing prose to poetry, and published only a handful of works until 1942. During the release of Have Come, Am Here in 1942, he introduced a new rhyming scheme called â€Å"reversed consonance† wherein, according to Villa: â€Å"The last sounded consonants of the last syllable, or the last principal consonant of a word, are reversed for the corresponding rhyme. Thus, a rhyme for near would be run; or rain, green, reign.† In 1949, Villa presented a poetic style he called â€Å"comma poems†, wherein commas are placed after every word. In the preface of Volume Two, he wrote: â€Å"The commas are an integral and essential part of the medium: regulating the poem’s verbal density and time movement: enabling each word to attain a fuller tonal value, and the line movement to become more measures. Villa worked as an associate editor for New Directions Publishing in New York City between 1949 to 1951, and then became director of poetry workshop at City College of New York from 1952 to 1960. He then left the literary scene and concentrated on teaching, first lecturing in The New School|The New School for Social Research from 1964 to 1973, as well as conducting poetry workshops in his apartment. Villa was also a cultural attachà © to the Philippine Mission to the United Nations from 1952 to 1963, and an adviser on cultural affairs to the President of the Philippines beginning 1968. Death On February 5, 1997, at the age of 88, Jose was found in a coma in his New York apartment and was rushed to St. Vincent Hospital in the Greenwich area. His death two days later was attributed to â€Å"cerebral stroke and multilobar pneumonia†. He was buried on February 10 in St. John’s Cemetery in New York, wearing a Barong Tagalog. New York Centennial Celebration On August 5 and 6, 2008, Villa’s centennial celebration began with poem reading at the Jefferson Market Library, at 425 Avenue of the Americas (Sixth Avenue) at the corner of 10th St. In the launch of Doveglion, Collected Poems, Penguin Classics’ reissue of Jose Garcia Villa’s poems, edited by John Edwin Cowen, Villa’s literary trustee, will be read by book introducer Luis H. Francia. Then, the Leonard Lopate Show (on WNYC AM 820 and FM 93.9) will interview Edwin Cohen and Luis H. Francia on the â€Å"Pope of Greenwich Villages† life and work, followed by the Asia Pacific Forum show. Personal In 1946 Villa married Rosemarie Lamb, with whom he has two sons, Randy and Lance. They annulled ten years later. He also has three grandchildren. Works As an editor, Villa first published Philippine Short Stories: Best 25 Short Stories of 1928 in 1929, an anthology of Filipino short stories written in English literature English that were mostly published in the literary magazine Philippine Free Press for that year. It is the second anthology to have been published in the Philippines, after Philippine Love Stories by editor Paz Mà ¡rquez-Benà ­tez in 1927. His first collection of short stories that he has written were published under the title Footnote to Youth: Tales of the Philippines and Others in 1933; while in 1939, Villa published Many Voices, his first collection poems, followed by Poems by Doveglion in 1941. Other collections of poems include Have Come, Am Here (1942), Volume Two (1949), and Selected Poems and New (1958). In 1962, Villa published four books namely Villa’s Poems 55, Poems in Praise of Love, Selected Stories, and The Portable Villa. It was also in that year when he edited The Doveglion Book of Philippine Poetry in English from 1910. Three years later, he released a follow-up for The Portable Villa entitled The Essential Villa.Villa, however, went under â€Å"self-exile† after the 1960s, even though he was nominated for several major literary awards including the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry. This was perhaps because of oppositions between his formalism (literature)formalist style and the advocates of proletarian literature who misjudged him as a petty bourgeois. Villa only â€Å"resurfaced† in 1993 with an anthology entitled Charlie Chan Is Dead, which was edited by Jessica Hagedorn Several reprints of Villa’s past works were done, including Appasionata: Poems in Praise of Love in 1979, A Parliament of Giraffes (a collection of Villa’s poems for young readers, with Tagalog language Tagalog translation provided by Larry Francia), and The Anchored Angel: Selected Writings by Villa that was edited by Eileen Tabios with a foreword provided by Hagedorn (both in 1999). Among his popular poems include When I Was No Bigger Than A Huge, an example of his â€Å"comma poems†, and The Emperor’s New Sonnet (a part of Have Come, Am Here) which is basically a blank sheet of paper.